SENSORS
for the Internet of Things
Safety sensors, torque sensors, optoelectronic sensors or magnetic sensors, also for various types of protection
Table of Contents
Sensors | The whole world of sensor technology 4.0
The Industry 4.0 requires the digitalization and networking of processes in industrial manufacturing. Next to the communication technology to Networking All components involved in the smart factory require intelligent components that pass on their own data to the further processing systems steering provide. Smart sensors record this data, which we report on in detail here.
Sensors 2023 / 2024 – The most important things in brief
Sensor technology is driving progress in almost all industrial sectors and offers promising opportunities for one smarter, connected and data-driven future. And so sensor technologies are in a phase of rapid innovation.
The focus is on the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and that Internet of Things (IoT), which enable more complex and intelligent systems. While sensors were once limited to simple data collection functions, they are increasingly becoming critical components of intelligent systems capable of analyzing data and making proactive decisions.
At the nuclear Industrial automation Advanced sensors enable more precise monitoring and control of production processes, resulting in increased efficiency and reduced downtime. The fourth industrial revolution needs safety sensors, torque sensors, optoelectronic sensors or magnetic sensors more than ever, to name just a few.
An emerging trend is the development of sensors that monitor specific environmental parameters such as air quality, temperature and humidity with high accuracy, which is particularly important for Smart city-Applications and sustainable environmental management systems is important.
In addition, multisensory ones win platforms in importance that combine different types of sensor data - acoustic, optical, tactile - to enable more comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the environment. This is particularly relevant in areas such as autonomous vehicle technology and in advanced security systems.
The miniaturization Also remains a key trend, sensors are becoming smaller, more efficient and more energy-saving. This enables their integration into wearable devices and opens up new possibilities in health monitoring and personal fitness management. Below you will find the latest sensor innovations from various manufacturers for primarily industrial applications:
IoT wireless sensor nodes for seamless network connectivity
26.06.2024/XNUMX/XNUMX | Pepperl+Fuchs is improving the IoT landscape with the autonomous radio nodes Wilsen.valve and Wilsen.node. These battery-operated devices eliminate the need for cabling in large-scale systems and enable the reliable connection of assets. They provide precise measurement and position data and monitor the status of the connected sensors.
High-precision stable temperature sensors
21.06.2024/100/100 | Disynet offers high-precision solutions for temperature measurement with its PT180 temperature sensors and the Kapton thermocouples of the Mesurex brand. The PTXNUMX sensors measure very precisely and work very stably. This makes them suitable for applications in industry, research and in the laboratory where temperatures of up to XNUMX °C are required.
Non-contact magnetic tape position sensors
19.06.2024/30/XNUMX | ASM is expanding its portfolio to include the Posimag lin magnetic tape position sensors. These non-contact measuring systems have a high resolution and are insensitive to dirt and are therefore suitable for extreme operating conditions. The non-contact, high-resolution measuring system is designed for measuring lengths of up to XNUMX m.
New sensor class simplifies positioning tasks
April 24.04.2024, 2 | The smart XNUMXD profile sensors from the OX series from Baumer offer an innovative solution for precise and fast positioning tasks in automation: These sensors, still considered an insider tip, represent an economical and efficient alternative to traditional smart vision sensors and multi-sensor solutions.
Industrial radar sensor with CAN interface
16.02.2024/68/69 | The new radar sensors from Pepperl+Fuchs are extremely compact. Housed in an IPXNUMX/XNUMX housing, they are particularly robust. The design also allows maximum flexibility during assembly. The rotatable and pivotable sensor head of the radar sensor can be optimally aligned to the target area in almost any installation situation.
Speed sensor for mobile machines
06.01.2024/10/XNUMX | With the robust speed sensor GEL SEIXNUMX, Lenord+Bauer presents an innovative solution for mobile work machines. This sensor was designed for challenging environmental conditions. The tachometer guarantees high mechanical stability thanks to its robust stainless steel housing and the robust cable gland
Fastest laser sensors with highest performance
03.01.2024/1420/8 | Micro-Epsilon's Opto NCDT 16 series laser sensors offer doubled measurement rates up to XNUMX kHz and XNUMX bit digital/analog conversion. They are now the fastest laser sensors in their class. The optical sensors are suitable for advanced automation series applications.
High-resolution Profinet absolute encoders
Sep 19.09.2023, 4.2 | The new encoders with Profinet interface for real-time applications from Turck are primarily used in logistics, food technology and mechanical engineering. The RES and REM encoder series rely on the current Profinet encoder profile version 19. They have resolutions of 24 bits for single-turn and up to XNUMX bits for multi-turn devices.
All-rounder for level measurement
July 27.07.2023, 3 | Vibration level switches reliably detect the level or height of liquids in chemical plants and in the oil and gas industry. With the Vibracon LVL-M4 and -MXNUMX level switches, Pepperl+Fuchs offers two new series of vibration level switches that have Atex and IECEx approvals.
Optical sensor for LED signal light
July 03.07.2023, 30 - Banner Engineering's K30 Pro optical sensor is suitable for applications that require an optical sensor and a multicolor LED display. The very compact device with a diameter of 20 mm is a space-saving solution designed to detect objects in an adjustable range of 1000 to XNUMX mm for clear user guidance.
Measuring torque with sensors inside the transmission
June 02.06.2023, XNUMX | At Automatica, Schaeffler is presenting sensors for cobots that are integrated into precision wave gears. With this concept for measuring torque, shorter cycle times in robotics are possible. Methods like these enable significant progress in the widespread use of collaborative robots in industrial automation.
Sensor detects the status of the clamping systems
May 05.05.2023, XNUMX | With the Vero-S modular system from Schunk, the workpiece and clamping device can be fully automated and quickly fixed, positioned and clamped in the machine. The query sensor provides information about three clamping states of the modules. During automated clamping, the sensor helps overcome uncertainties by bringing more transparency to the clamping process.
Sensors types according to function and principle of operation
3D sensor, distance sensor, displacement sensor, angle sensor, distance sensor, vision sensor, acceleration sensor, level sensor, vibration sensor, oscillation sensor, rotary encoder, absolute encoder, pressure sensor, torque sensor, speed sensor, encoder, conductivity sensor, lidar sensor, optical sensor, cable pull sensor, current sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, laser sensor, IO-Link sensor, flow sensor, Atex sensor, optoelectronic sensor, query sensor, position sensor, inclination sensor, thickness gauge, light sensor, cable displacement sensor, magnetic sensor, inductive sensor, inkential sensor, capacitive sensor, Hall sensor, pick-to-light -Sensor, Namur sensor, safety sensor, compact sensor, magnetic field sensor, tension band sensor, IoT sensor, IIoT sensor, passive sensor, active sensor, radar sensor, multisensor, factor 1 sensor, RFID sensors, laser profile sensor, light section sensor ...
These are all sensors for and from industry. Not all of the sensors listed actually represent one type of sensor. Some of them are named after a specific feature, others after the application. Sensors are also classified differently: according to Measuring principle and and output signalin analog and digital Sensors or in active and passive Sensors. For the sake of simplicity, the following articles about the individual types of sensors are arranged alphabetically.
3D sensor | Stereo vision, time of flight, laser triangulation
In the interaction of Lidar and Time-of-Flighttechnologies, 3D sensors unfold their full potential to precisely capture spatial data. In our article we highlight new 3D sensor developments and the dynamic applications of these state-of-the-art sensors. Learn how these new developments are transforming the 3D capture landscape.
Distance sensors | Distance, path, distance & Co.
Distance sensors, distance sensors, thickness gauges, etc. are distance sensors. In our article we highlight the latest developments from manufacturers, current applications, the status of development and trends in this area. Here you will also find answers to frequently asked questions about sensors for the dimensional measurements path, distance, thickness, position, etc.
Accelerometer | Measuring forces and direction
An accelerometer or accelerometer precisely measures acceleration forces and is used in applications that require motion analysis and motion control. They measure static or dynamic forces and can record direction and acceleration. Discover new products, applications and basic knowledge in this article.
Speed sensor | Monitors and controls drives
In industry, speed sensors record and monitor the speeds of drives based on the principle of an inductive sensor or a magnetic sensor. Discover the latest developments in speed sensors, also known as tachometers. Our article introduces new products, explains a wide range of possible uses and answers the most important questions about these precise measuring devices.
Torque sensor | Non-contact, maintenance-free, precise
Torques can be measured precisely with a torque sensor. In the automotive industry, manufacturing technology and aerospace, they play a crucial role in monitoring and controlling rotational movements. Find out more about how they work, types and applications and discover new products.
Pressure sensors | Pressure measurement technology goes digital
In industry, a wide range of pressure sensors are used to regulate the mechanical measurement of pressure and sometimes also temperature. Analogue and increasingly digital, they are suitable for Pneumatics, Hydraulic System or are electrically designed. With IO Link, a pressure sensor qualifies for Industry 4.0 applications, and in the dual channel principle it is even more flexible. We present these and other new developments here.
encoders | Industrial Ethernet and Industry 4.0 encoders
Encoders act as measurement sensors for precise speed measurement and position detection in manufacturing processes, mobile work machines and industrial applications. Here the protractors convert rotational movement into digital signals. The rotary encoders work with wear-free scanning, which is carried out optoelectronic or magnetically. There are incremental encoders and absolute encoders.
Level sensor | Level switch for simple to IIoT use
Level sensors are used for continuous measurement of the levels of liquids, bulk solids, etc. Media. Discover the latest developments in level sensors with capacitive level sensor and ultrasonic level sensor. Our article highlights current market innovations, discusses a wide range of application areas and offers insights into the current state of the art and the latest trends.
Conductivity sensor | For food and beverage manufacturers
In view of increasingly individual customer requirements and smaller batch sizes in high-wage countries, food and beverage manufacturers can only remain competitive with sufficient process automation. High-performance and robust sensor technology is necessary here so that the systems become transparent. The “Combilyz” conductivity sensor is an unbeatable helper for the phase separation of food, water and cleaning liquid Baumer.
Lidar sensor | Laser light remote sensing technology
Discover the fascinating world of the lidar sensor, a part of the optical sensors. Find out everything about the current state of technology and future trends in our article. We will introduce you to new products from various manufacturers as well as the diverse possible applications of lidar sensors. You can also find answers to the most important questions about this advanced technology here.
Optical sensors | Light scanner, lidar sensor, laser sensor
Are you ready for the latest developments in the field of optical sensors for measuring distance, presence, position, etc. In our article you will find out everything about the state of the art, various applications and you will get answers to your questions about optical sensors. Read how an optical sensor can meet your needs.
Cable pull transmitter | Cable pull sensor and cable pull displacement sensor
Cable pull sensors, also known as cable pull sensors or cable pull displacement sensors, are precise measuring instruments that provide reliable and accurate displacement measurement through a simple but effective principle: a cable is pulled out in proportion to the movement of the measurement object. Their easy handling and high flexibility make them ideal for use in Industrial automation, vehicle systems and construction technology.
Current sensor | Closed loop technology and reverb effect
Current sensors measure currents. In this post, discover the latest developments in current sensing, including advanced Hall sensors. We will introduce you to new products and show their possible applications. Find out how modern current sensors from various companies improve accuracy and efficiency in various industries Automotive and Manufacturing increase.
Temperature sensor | IO-Link and combined measured variables
The temperature sensor is indispensable in the Measurement Technology and process control. The latest developments in temperature sensing are multifunctional and focus on sensor materials and measurement accuracy as well as IO-Link integration. This article also shows how the latest sensors are used in industrial and technological contexts. Learn how advanced temperature sensors from various manufacturers increase precision in critical applications.
Ultrasonic sensor | For distance, distance and level
An ultrasonic sensor takes millimeter-precise measurements of the distance of objects or the fill levels of media such as liquids. It uses ultrasonic waves as a displacement sensor. When measuring distance, the measuring principle of sound transit time measurement of high-frequency sound pulses is often used. Objects can be metal, non-metal, transparent, powdery or liquid.
Angle sensor | Magnetic, configurable, precise
An angle sensor often has to function reliably even under harsh operating conditions. These sensors provide accurate angle data that is used in applications in Mobile work machines, Automotive engineering and Industrial automation are needed. Discover in our article how angle sensors work and their technological advantages using the example of some applications.
users report
The users have their say in our application stories. They describe the problem and show solutions that they have developed together with some sensor specialists. A transport shuttle from Montratec has absolutely nothing to do with the Orient Express at Marvel Studios.
Applications and Industries
There is hardly an industry left that does not have something to do with sensors. Sensor technology can be found everywhere and accompanies you from the time you get up to the time you go to sleep, from the land of the rising sun to around the entire globe. And so just a few of our industry examples reflect the huge diversity that is growing day by day.
Aircraft: Intelligent multi-sensor systems secure air traffic
Get on the plane and just a few hours later get off again thousands of kilometers away: Airplanes take us to almost any place around the world. Innovative scan technologies from Pepperl + Fuchs can help ensure that an aircraft is not only comfortable, but above all safe.
Elevator construction: Incremental and absolute value rotary encoders
Precise positioning and speed control of elevator cars is a prerequisite for an optimal journey. Any distance/time curves can be driven using rotary encoders for position and speed detection. While incremental encoders are suitable for speed measurement, position determination is achieved with absolute encoders. Baumer offers an extensive range of encoders for elevator construction.
Automotive: Lidar sensor for four-dimensional traffic scenarios
In the area of assistance systems for z. B. self-driving cars Many automobile enthusiasts rely on lidar technology. lbeo Automotive Systems has developed new lidar sensors for this purpose. The Ibeonext has a new type of photon laser Measurement Technology. It generates a high-resolution 3-D point cloud for the reliable detection of objects.
Battery production: sensors for relevant process steps
The efficient control of machines and systems in battery cell production requires many sensors that work with different measurement methods. The sensor technology from Pepperl+Fuchs belongs in the Automotive industry to the standard equipment. Based on decades of experience, the company offers all relevant measuring devices for battery production from a single source.
Building automation: Energy harvesting multisensor for IoT
Energy harvesting pioneer Enocean presents a new multi-sensor. In the PTM form factor from the manufacturer of maintenance-free wireless switches and sensors, the sensor module provides data for building automation and the Internet of Things (IoT). The integrated solar cell generates all the energy required for operation.
Handling: Digitalization starts with the sensor
With the help of high-precision inductive sensors, significant added value can be generated in the production environment: all component states can be queried precisely and thus predictive maintenance can be implemented. At Baumer “Smart Gripping” begins the digitalization of sensor technology.
Tool making: status detection of the clamping systems
With the Vero-S modular system from Schunk, the workpiece and clamping device can be fully automated and quickly fixed, positioned and clamped in the machine. The Vero-S AFS3 IOL interrogation sensor provides information about three clamping states of the modules.
Sensor manufacturer know-how
Jumo, a global company, offers an extensive portfolio of high-precision sensors and automation technology for temperature, liquid analysis, pressure, level, flow and humidity. The company is also known for its customized automation solutions.
With SPE, IO-Link and M2M to sensor-to-cloud
Jumo is on a dynamic development path to become a leading provider of system solutions and technologies in industrial sensors and automation. This transformation is clearly evident in the integration and networking of modern technologies such as SPE, IO-Link and the Sensor-to-cloudCommunication into the system world of the automation engineer.
Sensors for hydrogen production
The global hydrogen economy is in full swing and is an important part of the energy transition. Jumo would like to participate in this development and is positioning itself with its Measurement Technology as a system and solution provider for hydrogen production. Pressure and temperature sensors, Conductivity sensors or pressure transmitters ensure quality here.
The inventor of the proximity switch Pepperl + Fuchs is at the same time a pioneer and innovator in sensor technology and explosion protection. The extensive portfolio of sensors for industry includes inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic, photoelectric and magnetic field sensors as well as rotary encoders and identification systems. These sensors are used in a number of industries including factory and process automation.
Acceleration sensor and inclination sensor for inertial measurement
Acceleration sensors and inclination sensors from the IMU F99 series from Pepperl+Fuchs were developed specifically for dynamic applications such as those found in the Wind power or at Construction can be found. Both inertial measuring systems offer 360 degree measurement in three axes. Read how an acceleration sensor in a wind turbine and an inclination sensor in an excavator demonstrate their advantages.
Level sensor for every level measurement
Level sensors, also known as level meters or level sensors, are devices that are used to measure the level or quantity of a medium within a container or tank or are used for limit level detection. They are required in many applications for level measurement, such as in the process industry, Food industry, chemical industry, water and wastewater treatment and many more. Pepperl+Fuchs has a solution for every application.
Inductive sensor with a reliably high switching distance
Inductive sensors from Pepperl+Fuchs are used in a wide variety of applications and sectors in the process industry and industrial automation. No matter whether for Position detection the metal objects or as proximity switch in the machine tool, an inductive sensor from the manufacturer reliably detects metallic objects even with a large switching distance.
Industrial radar sensor with CAN interface
The new radar sensors for detecting Distance, speed and Direction of movement from Pepperl+Fuchs are extremely compact. Housed in an IP68/69 housing, they are particularly robust. The design also allows maximum flexibility during assembly. The rotatable and pivotable sensor head of the radar sensor can be optimally aligned to the target area in almost any installation situation.
Ultrasonic sensor works reliably in any environment
Ultrasonic sensor technology has now arrived in all industrial areas. Their USP features are reliability, versatility, precision and robustness. Even under the harshest environmental conditions, ultrasonic sensors are insensitive to contamination because the sensor surface cleans itself through vibration.
Vision Sensor solves many tasks in factory automation
Pepperl+Fuchs offers based on 2D and 3D Cameratechnologies offer a wide range of options for detection, identification, positioning and measurement in factory automation. The "Smartrunner" technology combines the powerful light section process with a vision sensor including LED lighting. This is what the 2D vision is based on Sensors "Matcher" and "Detector".
The industrial and automotive supplier Schaeffler offers a variety of integrated sensors that have been specifically developed for use in the automotive industry and industrial automation. Their portfolio includes sensors for condition monitoring and diagnostics in various applications, including temperature, pressure, speed and position sensors. These sensors are integrated into a number of products, such as in Bearings or linear systems.
Wave gear integrated sensors for cobots
Schaeffler offers sensors for Cobots, which in precisionStrain wave gear are integrated. With this concept for measuring torque, shorter cycle times are possible Robotic possible. Methods like these enable significant progress in the widespread use of the collaborative robots in industrial automation.
Schmersal offers a broad portfolio of safety sensors that are specifically designed for use in industrial safety applications. These include magnetic, optoelectronic and inductive safety sensors that are used in various configurations for monitoring and controlling machines and systems. These sensors are designed to increase safety and efficiency in automated and manual work environments by providing precise monitoring and protection capabilities.
Safety sensors for machine safety
Schmersal's extensive portfolio of safety switches, safety locking devices and safety sensors for machine safety is used to monitor machines or protective doors and allows the protective device to be precisely adapted to the application. It also includes products for specific requirements such as: Explosion protection or hygienically sensitive use.
Turck offers an extensive portfolio of sensors for industrial applications. The range includes inductive, capacitive, magnetic field-based, optoelectronic and ultrasonic sensors as well as pressure sensors. Many of these sensors are IO-link capable and therefore support Industry 4.0 applications. These products are used in a variety of industries to automate processes and monitor machine functions.
Encoder: Incremental, absolute and communicative
Turck offers non-contact and conventional encoders in various designs. The encoders are incremental, absolute with hollow shaft or solid shaft in sizes from 24 to 102 mm diameter. They are vibration-resistant, robust and work even in demanding environments. Here we present to you the new developments such as the Profinet absolute rotary encoders.
Inductive sensor for logistics and carbon applications
Inductive sensors from Turck record contactlessly based on the wear-free functional principle metal objects. The Uprox sensors are characterized by their special coil concept. The factor 1 sensors offer the largest switching distance on metals. A new inductive sensor based on Uprox technology has now been developed in a cuboid shape for logistics and another for the first time for carbon detection.
Temperature sensor – humidity sensor – vibration sensor
Turck's extensive portfolio Temperature Sensors also in combination with moisture measurement or vibration measurement offers a wide selection for a wide variety of applications. The comfortable temperature sensor series TS+, for example, is very flexible, easy to install and quick to set up. The new combined temperature/vibration sensor CMVT with IO-Link also offers results with high accuracy.
Ultrasonic and radar level sensor with IO-Link for the IIoT
Different measuring principles are used to record limit levels or measure fill levels. Turck offers a comprehensive portfolio for various media and environmental conditions. This also includes the ultrasonic level sensor and the radar sensor for level measurement. IO-Link interfaces make the sensors IIoT suitable.
Other sensor manufacturers
- ASM specializes in sensors for displacement, angle and inclination measurements and offers robust and precise solutions for a wide range of industrial applications.
- Baumer is a global provider of a wide range of sensors and measuring instruments for factory and process automation.
- Balluff offers a wide range of sensor solutions, including inductive, optical and capacitive sensors for automation technology.
- Endress+Hauser specializes in measuring devices and sensors for process automation, with a strong focus on precise and reliable measurement of liquids and gases.
- Honeywell offers a wide range of sensors including pressure, temperature, humidity and gas sensors in demanding industrial environments.
- IFM Electronic is known for a wide range of sensors, including position and process sensors, tailored to the needs of industrial automation.
- Jumo offers an extensive range of sensors and measuring devices, especially for temperature and humidity measurements.
- Micro-Epsilon is a specialist in precision measurement technology and offers highly accurate sensors, particularly for path, color and temperature.
- Novotechnik is a leader in position measurement technology with sensors for precise and long-lasting angle and distance measurements.
- Leuze Electronic is known for optoelectronic sensors and safety technology, especially for automation, and is a specialist in the field of safety light barriers.
- Sensorpart specializes in the production of pressure and temperature sensors for a wide range of industrial applications.
- Sick specializes in industrial sensor solutions, including security, identification and environmental sensors, also tailor-made and high-performance for complex applications.
- STW (Sensor-Technik Wiedemann) specializes in sensors and measuring systems for mobile automation, especially for the off-highway sector.
- TE Connectivity offers sensors for harsh environments, including temperature, pressure, vibration and position sensors, with an emphasis on miniaturization and precision.
- Wika is a leader in pressure and temperature measurement technology for various industrial applications.
FAQ
What is a sensor simply explained?
A sensor is a device that detects certain physical or chemical properties such as temperature, light, pressure, humidity or movement and converts them into a signal that can be easily measured and processed. Put simply, a sensor senses changes in its environment and transforms this information into a form that can be understood and used by humans or machines.
What are the different sensors?
There are numerous types of sensors that differ according to their function and the parameter to be measured. Some of the common sensor types are:
- Temperature sensors measure temperature or changes in temperature.
- Pressure sensors detect the pressure in a liquid or gas.
- Humidity sensors measure the moisture content in the air.
- Light sensors detect light intensity or changes.
- Motion sensors detect movement or changes in position.
- Proximity sensors measure the distance to an object without physical contact.
- Gas sensors identify and measure the concentration of gases in the air.
- Speed sensors detect the speed of an object.
- Force and strain sensors measure force, pressure or strain on a surface or material.
- Acoustic sensors convert sound waves into electrical signals.
What two types of sensors are there?
There are different types of sensors. One can differentiate:
- According to the measurement principle: This is where sensors are categorized based on the type of physical or chemical quantity they measure. Examples include temperature sensors, pressure sensors, light sensors, humidity sensors, motion sensors and many others.
- According to the output signal: Sensors are also divided according to the type of their output signal, i.e. into analog and digital sensors.
Corresponding are:
- Analog sensors produce a continuous output signal that is proportional to the quantity being measured. Examples are temperature sensors that output a constantly changing voltage depending on the temperature.
- Digital sensors generate discrete (on/off) electrical signals. An example would be a motion sensor that sends out a digital signal when motion is detected.
Or you can differentiate between functions and energy supply:
- Active sensors require an external power supply to function. Active sensors generate a signal or form of energy such as light waves, ultrasonic waves or electromagnetic fields that are emitted to the object to be detected or the environment and then picked up or reflected. Examples of active sensors are radar and ultrasonic sensors.
- Passive sensors do not require an external energy source to take measurements. They detect and measure natural energy emanating from the observed object or the environment. A typical example of passive sensors are infrared sensors, which detect the thermal radiation naturally emitted by objects.
What does actual value and target value mean in sensor technology?
In sensor technology, the “actual value” refers to the actually measured quantity or the condition as recorded by the sensor system. The "target value", on the other hand, is the desired or specified target value that should be achieved in a process or system. Typically, actual and target values are compared to decide whether corrective actions are required to control or regulate the process.
What is the difference between a measuring sensor and a measuring sensor?
A transducer, also known as a sensor, is a device that records physical or chemical properties such as temperature, pressure, light and converts them into an electrical signal. A probe, often part of the sensor, is the specific element or component that comes into direct contact with the medium to be measured and records the physical quantity. In short, the sensor records the quantity, the transducer converts it, and the actual value is the result of this measurement.
